The short answer
Cancer treatments can lower a man's fertility or cause infertility by affecting sperm, hormones, or reproductive organs. The effect depends on the treatment, dose, age, and other factors, and it may be temporary or permanent. After treatment, men can ask their team about the chances of fertility returning and how long it may take.
A man's fertility depends on making and releasing healthy sperm and on hormones.
Chemotherapy, radiation to the pelvis or brain, hormone therapy, surgery, and stem cell transplant can affect fertility.
Some chemotherapy drugs, such as alkylating agents, carry a higher risk to sperm.
Changes may be temporary or permanent, depending on the treatment and the person.
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This page is for men and boys, and their families, who want to know how cancer treatment may affect fertility. It covers how different treatments can change fertility and what to ask afterward.
What male fertility depends on
Fertility is the ability to produce children. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) explains that a man's fertility rests on two systems. One is a reproductive system that makes and releases healthy sperm. The other is an endocrine system that makes hormones. Cancer treatments can affect either one, and the changes may be temporary or permanent.
What affects whether fertility changes
Several things shape the outcome:
- The type of treatment, the dose, and how long treatment lasts
- Your age, and the time since treatment
- The type of cancer, and whether it sits near the reproductive organs
- Your fertility before treatment, and your other health factors
How treatments can affect fertility
NCI describes how different treatments may affect male fertility:
- Chemotherapy can harm sperm and the cells that form sperm, called germ cells. Some drugs, such as alkylating agents, carry a high risk. High doses, or several drugs at once, can raise it further.
- Radiation therapy to the pelvis can affect sexual function and fertility. Radiation to the brain can affect glands that make the hormones fertility needs.
- Hormone therapy can lower sperm count.
- Surgery for prostate, testicular, penile, bladder, colon, and rectal cancers can affect how semen is made or released. It can also cause retrograde ejaculation, sometimes called a dry orgasm.
- Stem cell transplant often follows high-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both. Those can damage sperm and sperm-forming cells.
- Targeted therapy is still being studied here. Some drugs called tyrosine kinase inhibitors may lower sperm and hormone production.
The cancer itself can matter
Some cancers affect fertility even before treatment starts. NCI notes that men with testicular cancer, prostate cancer, and other germ cell cancers sometimes have poor semen quality and a low sperm count at diagnosis. Men with Hodgkin lymphoma may have low or no sperm in the semen. Cancers common in children and young adults are also linked with fertility problems. Those include lymphoma, leukemia, and tumors of the central nervous system.
After treatment
Changes to fertility may be temporary or permanent. NCI suggests asking your doctor after treatment:
- What are the chances that people who have this treatment are fertile afterward?
- How long might it take for my fertility to return?
- Should birth control be used after treatment, and if so, for how long?
Even when treatment lowers fertility, pregnancy can still happen. Some treatments can also harm a pregnancy. So your doctor may advise condoms or other birth control for a time.
Getting support
A growing number of hospitals have social workers and patient navigator programs. They can help with fertility resources and with cost. Support groups and counseling can help too. Your care team is the best guide to what your own treatment may mean for your fertility.
Common questions
How do cancer treatments affect male fertility?
They can harm the reproductive organs, the sperm-forming cells, or the endocrine glands that make hormones. Depending on the treatment, this can lower sperm count or cause infertility, which may be temporary or permanent.
Which treatments carry more risk?
Some chemotherapy drugs, such as alkylating agents, carry a high risk. Radiation to the pelvis, brain, or reproductive organs, hormone therapy, some surgeries, and stem cell transplant can also affect fertility.
Can men have children after treatment?
Sometimes fertility returns after treatment and sometimes it does not — it depends on the treatment and the person. After treatment, ask your doctor about the chances of being fertile and how long it might take to return.
Does the cancer itself affect fertility?
It can. Men with testicular cancer, prostate cancer, and other germ cell cancers are sometimes found to have low sperm count at diagnosis, and men with Hodgkin lymphoma may have low or absent sperm in the semen.
Is birth control needed after treatment?
Your doctor may advise birth control during and sometimes after treatment. Ask whether it is recommended for you and for how long.
Questions to ask your doctor
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Sources last checked: 2026-07-14 what this meansLast updated: 2026-08-10Next planned review: 2027-01-14
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Cancer Explained does not originate medical claims. Every page restates guidance already published by the National Cancer Institute, the CDC, the USPSTF and the FDA, in plain language, with the source cited so you can check the original yourself. AI does the translating and organizing; automated checks test claims, citations, clarity and safety before anything publishes, and this is translation and navigation, not clinical judgment. Nothing here is personal medical advice, and no page can account for your particular situation.
Editorial status: Source checked — This page was written with AI assistance and then compared with the sources listed on it, looking for statements those sources do not back up. That check is not a sentence-by-sentence record and can miss errors. It is not a medical review, and it does not confirm the page is complete or right for your situation.
Human medical review: not completed. Pages here are not signed off by a clinician before they publish. That is not an oversight we are quietly working around: we restate published guidance and cite it, so the authority belongs to the source rather than to us, and every page names where its claims come from — you can verify us instead of trusting us. Where a volunteer clinician has reviewed a page, their name and credentials appear on it; where no name appears, no clinician has checked it. We are glad to have reviewers and are recruiting them, and we do not hold pages back waiting for one. Use this site to understand your situation and to ask better questions of the people treating you.
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