Clinical trial results

Plain-language summaries of major cancer trials — and the difference between a result and an available treatment.

Every page here follows one idea: what happened, why it matters, and what it does not mean. Educational only — not medical advice.

• Lymphoma · 2022ZUMA-7: What the Lymphoma Trial FoundZUMA-7 tested axicabtagene vs standard second-line in lymphoma, measuring event-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lymphoma · 2017ZUMA-1: What the Lymphoma Trial FoundZUMA-1 tested axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR T-cell therapy in lymphoma, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2002Women's Health Initiative (hormone therapy): What the Breast cancer Trial FoundWomen's Health Initiative (hormone therapy) tested estrogen + progestin vs placebo in breast cancer, measuring invasive breast cancer and other outcomes. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2021VISION: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundVISION tested lutetium-177 PSMA radioligand therapy in prostate cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2020VIALE-A: What the Leukemia Trial FoundVIALE-A tested venetoclax + azacitidine vs azacitidine in leukemia, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lymphoma · 2022TRANSFORM: What the Lymphoma Trial FoundTRANSFORM tested CAR T-cell therapy vs standard second-line in lymphoma, measuring event-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Liver cancer · 2022TOPAZ-1: What the Liver cancer Trial FoundTOPAZ-1 tested durvalumab + chemo in biliary cancer in liver cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2018TAILORx: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundTAILORx tested chemotherapy guided by 21-gene recurrence score in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2023SUNLIGHT: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundSUNLIGHT tested trifluridine/tipiracil + bevacizumab in colorectal cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Brain tumors · 2005Stupp trial: What the Brain tumors Trial FoundStupp trial tested temozolomide added to radiation in glioblastoma in brain tumors, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2006STAR (P-2): What the Breast cancer Trial FoundSTAR (P-2) tested raloxifene vs tamoxifen in breast cancer, measuring invasive breast-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2017STAMPEDE: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundSTAMPEDE tested adding agents to standard hormone therapy in prostate cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2017SOLO-2: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundSOLO-2 tested maintenance olaparib in recurrent ovarian cancer in ovarian cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2018SOLO-1: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundSOLO-1 tested maintenance olaparib in BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer in ovarian cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2014SOFT/TEXT: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundSOFT/TEXT tested ovarian suppression added to endocrine therapy in breast cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Liver cancer · 2008SHARP: What the Liver cancer Trial FoundSHARP tested sorafenib vs placebo in liver cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2009SELECT: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundSELECT tested selenium and vitamin E vs placebo in prostate cancer, measuring prostate-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a negative or null result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2020RxPONDER: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundRxPONDER tested chemotherapy by recurrence score in node-positive disease in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Brain tumors · 2013RTOG 9402: What the Brain tumors Trial FoundRTOG 9402 tested chemotherapy added to radiation in oligodendroglioma in brain tumors, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2014RESONATE: What the Leukemia Trial FoundRESONATE tested ibrutinib vs ofatumumab in CLL in leukemia, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2015RECOURSE: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundRECOURSE tested trifluridine/tipiracil vs placebo in colorectal cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2017RATIFY: What the Leukemia Trial FoundRATIFY tested midostaurin added to chemotherapy in FLT3 AML in leukemia, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2016ProtecT: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundProtecT tested surgery vs radiation vs active monitoring in prostate cancer, measuring prostate-cancer mortality. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2023PROSPECT: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundPROSPECT tested selective omission of radiation before rectal surgery in colorectal cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2020PROfound: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundPROfound tested olaparib vs hormonal agent in HRR-mutated prostate cancer in prostate cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2014PROFILE 1014: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundPROFILE 1014 tested crizotinib vs chemotherapy in lung cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Pancreatic cancer · 2019POLO: What the Pancreatic cancer Trial FoundPOLO tested maintenance olaparib in BRCA-mutated pancreatic cancer in pancreatic cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2016POLLUX: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundPOLLUX tested daratumumab added to lenalidomide/dexamethasone in multiple myeloma, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Cancer · 2011PLCO screening trial: What the Cancer Trial FoundPLCO screening trial tested screening vs usual care in cancer, measuring cancer mortality. Plain-language summary of a negative or null result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2003PCPT: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundPCPT tested finasteride vs placebo in prostate cancer, measuring prostate-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2019PAOLA-1: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundPAOLA-1 tested olaparib + bevacizumab maintenance in ovarian cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2015PALOMA-3: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundPALOMA-3 tested palbociclib + fulvestrant vs fulvestrant in breast cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2017PACIFIC: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundPACIFIC tested durvalumab vs placebo after chemoradiation in lung cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Cervical cancer · 2021OUTBACK: What the Cervical cancer Trial FoundOUTBACK tested adjuvant chemotherapy after chemoradiation in cervical cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a negative or null result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Cancer · 2019OPTIMAL / stereotactic radiotherapy SABR-COMET: What the Cancer Trial FoundOPTIMAL / stereotactic radiotherapy SABR-COMET tested stereotactic radiotherapy for oligometastatic disease in cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2021OlympiA: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundOlympiA tested adjuvant olaparib in BRCA-mutated breast cancer in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 1998NSABP P-1 (Breast Cancer Prevention Trial): What the Breast cancer Trial FoundNSABP P-1 (Breast Cancer Prevention Trial) tested tamoxifen vs placebo in breast cancer, measuring breast-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2020NICHE: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundNICHE tested neoadjuvant immunotherapy in early colon cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring pathologic response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2020NELSON lung screening trial: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundNELSON lung screening trial tested low-dose CT vs no screening in lung cancer, measuring lung-cancer mortality. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2011National Lung Screening Trial (NLST): What the Lung cancer Trial FoundNational Lung Screening Trial (NLST) tested low-dose CT vs chest X-ray in lung cancer, measuring lung-cancer mortality. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2018MURANO: What the Leukemia Trial FoundMURANO tested venetoclax + rituximab vs chemo-immunotherapy in leukemia, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2022MOUNTAINEER: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundMOUNTAINEER tested tucatinib + trastuzumab in HER2-positive colorectal cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2020monarchE: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundmonarchE tested adjuvant abemaciclib + endocrine therapy in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2016MONALEESA-2: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundMONALEESA-2 tested ribociclib + letrozole vs letrozole in breast cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2016MINDACT: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundMINDACT tested 70-gene signature to guide chemotherapy in breast cancer, measuring distant metastasis-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2019MAIA: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundMAIA tested daratumumab added to lenalidomide/dexamethasone in multiple myeloma, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2013LUX-Lung 3: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundLUX-Lung 3 tested afatinib vs chemotherapy in lung cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2020LIBRETTO-001: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundLIBRETTO-001 tested selpercatinib in RET-fusion cancers in lung cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2017LATITUDE: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundLATITUDE tested abiraterone added to hormone therapy in prostate cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Cervical cancer · 2021KEYNOTE-826: What the Cervical cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-826 tested pembrolizumab added to chemotherapy in cervical cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2020KEYNOTE-522: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-522 tested neoadjuvant pembrolizumab + chemo in TNBC in breast cancer, measuring pathologic complete response and event-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Kidney cancer · 2019KEYNOTE-426: What the Kidney cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-426 tested pembrolizumab + axitinib vs sunitinib in kidney cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2020KEYNOTE-355: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-355 tested pembrolizumab + chemo in metastatic TNBC in breast cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2018KEYNOTE-189: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-189 tested pembrolizumab + chemo vs chemo in lung cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2020KEYNOTE-177: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-177 tested pembrolizumab vs chemo in MSI-high colorectal cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Cancer · 2020KEYNOTE-158: What the Cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-158 tested pembrolizumab in tumor-mutational-burden-high cancers in cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Head and neck cancer · 2019KEYNOTE-048: What the Head and neck cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-048 tested pembrolizumab ± chemo vs cetuximab regimen in head and neck cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2016KEYNOTE-024: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundKEYNOTE-024 tested pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in lung cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Melanoma · 2015KEYNOTE-006: What the Melanoma Trial FoundKEYNOTE-006 tested pembrolizumab vs ipilimumab in melanoma, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2019KATHERINE: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundKATHERINE tested T-DM1 vs trastuzumab after residual disease in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2021KarMMa: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundKarMMa tested idecabtagene CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lymphoma · 2019JULIET: What the Lymphoma Trial FoundJULIET tested tisagenlecleucel in large B-cell lymphoma in lymphoma, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2009IPASS: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundIPASS tested gefitinib vs chemotherapy by EGFR status in lung cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2018IMpower150: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundIMpower150 tested atezolizumab + bevacizumab + chemo in lung cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Liver cancer · 2020IMbrave150: What the Liver cancer Trial FoundIMbrave150 tested atezolizumab + bevacizumab vs sorafenib in liver cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2018IDEA collaboration: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundIDEA collaboration tested 3 vs 6 months adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2019ICON8: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundICON8 tested dose-dense vs standard chemotherapy in ovarian cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a negative or null result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2014IBIS-II: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundIBIS-II tested anastrozole vs placebo in breast cancer, measuring breast-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2021GRIPPER / Gynecologic screening — UKCTOCS: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundGRIPPER / Gynecologic screening — UKCTOCS tested ovarian-cancer screening vs no screening in ovarian cancer, measuring ovarian-cancer mortality. Plain-language summary of a negative or null result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Ovarian cancer · 2011GOG-218: What the Ovarian cancer Trial FoundGOG-218 tested bevacizumab added to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lymphoma · 2017GALLIUM: What the Lymphoma Trial FoundGALLIUM tested obinutuzumab vs rituximab in lymphoma, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Stomach cancer · 2019FLOT4: What the Stomach cancer Trial FoundFLOT4 tested perioperative FLOT vs ECF/ECX in stomach cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2018FLAURA: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundFLAURA tested osimertinib vs earlier EGFR inhibitors in lung cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2006EORTC 22921: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundEORTC 22921 tested chemoradiation timing in rectal cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring local control. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2012EMILIA: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundEMILIA tested T-DM1 vs lapatinib + capecitabine in breast cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2018EMBRACA: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundEMBRACA tested talazoparib vs chemotherapy in breast cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2018ELIANA: What the Leukemia Trial FoundELIANA tested tisagenlecleucel CAR T-cell therapy in leukemia, measuring remission rate. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Melanoma · 1996ECOG E1684: What the Melanoma Trial FoundECOG E1684 tested high-dose interferon adjuvant therapy in melanoma, measuring relapse-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2022DETERMINATION: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundDETERMINATION tested early vs delayed transplant in multiple myeloma, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2022DESTINY-Lung01: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundDESTINY-Lung01 tested trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-mutant lung cancer in lung cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Stomach cancer · 2020DESTINY-Gastric01: What the Stomach cancer Trial FoundDESTINY-Gastric01 tested trastuzumab deruxtecan vs chemotherapy in stomach cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2021DESTINY-CRC01: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundDESTINY-CRC01 tested trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive colorectal cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2022DESTINY-Breast04: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundDESTINY-Breast04 tested trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-low breast cancer in breast cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2020CROWN: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundCROWN tested lorlatinib vs crizotinib in lung cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Esophageal cancer · 2012CROSS: What the Esophageal cancer Trial FoundCROSS tested neoadjuvant chemoradiation vs surgery alone in esophageal cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2013CORRECT: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundCORRECT tested regorafenib vs placebo in colorectal cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Melanoma · 2015COMBI-d: What the Melanoma Trial FoundCOMBI-d tested dabrafenib + trametinib vs dabrafenib in melanoma, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2021CodeBreaK 100: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundCodeBreaK 100 tested sotorasib in KRAS G12C lung cancer in lung cancer, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Leukemia · 2019CLL14: What the Leukemia Trial FoundCLL14 tested venetoclax + obinutuzumab, fixed duration in leukemia, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2012CLEOPATRA: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundCLEOPATRA tested pertuzumab added to trastuzumab + docetaxel in breast cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2020CheckMate 9LA: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 9LA tested nivolumab + ipilimumab + chemo in lung cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Stomach cancer · 2021CheckMate 649: What the Stomach cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 649 tested nivolumab + chemo vs chemo in stomach cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Esophageal cancer · 2021CheckMate 577: What the Esophageal cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 577 tested adjuvant nivolumab vs placebo in esophageal cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Kidney cancer · 2018CheckMate 214: What the Kidney cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 214 tested nivolumab + ipilimumab vs sunitinib in kidney cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Head and neck cancer · 2016CheckMate 141: What the Head and neck cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 141 tested nivolumab vs chemotherapy in head and neck cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Melanoma · 2015CheckMate 067: What the Melanoma Trial FoundCheckMate 067 tested nivolumab ± ipilimumab vs ipilimumab in melanoma, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Kidney cancer · 2015CheckMate 025: What the Kidney cancer Trial FoundCheckMate 025 tested nivolumab vs everolimus in kidney cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Prostate cancer · 2015CHAARTED: What the Prostate cancer Trial FoundCHAARTED tested docetaxel added to hormone therapy in prostate cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2022Cercek dostarlimab MMR-deficient rectal cancer: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundCercek dostarlimab MMR-deficient rectal cancer tested dostarlimab in mismatch-repair-deficient rectal cancer in colorectal cancer, measuring clinical complete response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2019CASSIOPEIA: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundCASSIOPEIA tested daratumumab added to transplant regimen in multiple myeloma, measuring stringent complete response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Multiple myeloma · 2021CARTITUDE-1: What the Multiple myeloma Trial FoundCARTITUDE-1 tested ciltacabtagene CAR T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma, measuring objective response. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Colorectal cancer · 2011CAPP2: What the Colorectal cancer Trial FoundCAPP2 tested aspirin in Lynch syndrome in colorectal cancer, measuring colorectal-cancer incidence. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2003CALGB 9741: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundCALGB 9741 tested dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2005BIG 1-98: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundBIG 1-98 tested letrozole vs tamoxifen in breast cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Esophageal cancer · 2021ATTRACTION / KEYNOTE-590: What the Esophageal cancer Trial FoundATTRACTION / KEYNOTE-590 tested pembrolizumab + chemo vs chemo in esophageal cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2005ATAC: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundATAC tested anastrozole vs tamoxifen in breast cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2021ASCENT: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundASCENT tested sacituzumab govitecan vs chemotherapy in breast cancer, measuring progression-free and overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Breast cancer · 2017APHINITY: What the Breast cancer Trial FoundAPHINITY tested adjuvant pertuzumab vs placebo in breast cancer, measuring invasive disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a positive result on its main measure — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2017ALEX: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundALEX tested alectinib vs crizotinib in ALK-positive lung cancer in lung cancer, measuring progression-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Lung cancer · 2020ADAURA: What the Lung cancer Trial FoundADAURA tested adjuvant osimertinib vs placebo in lung cancer, measuring disease-free survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.
• Liver cancer · 2010ABC-02: What the Liver cancer Trial FoundABC-02 tested cisplatin + gemcitabine in biliary cancer in liver cancer, measuring overall survival. Plain-language summary of a result widely described as practice-influencing — and what it doesn't mean.