Why does cancer treatment cause vaginal dryness?

According to the National Cancer Institute, several cancer treatments can lower estrogen levels, and lower estrogen can lead to vaginal dryness.

Chemotherapy can lower estrogen and cause primary ovarian insufficiency, which can bring hot flashes, irregular or no periods, and vaginal dryness. It can also affect vaginal tissue. Hormone therapy (also called endocrine therapy) can lower estrogen, leading to similar symptoms. Radiation therapy to the pelvis can also lower estrogen and cause vaginal dryness, and it can cause vaginal narrowing, thinning, and irritation that make sex uncomfortable.

Dryness can make sexual intercourse difficult or painful, but there are ways to manage it. The National Cancer Institute notes options such as vaginal gels or creams for dryness, itching, or burning, vaginal lubricants or moisturizers, vaginal estrogen cream that may suit some types of cancer, a dilator to help with scarring after radiation, and pelvic muscle exercises.

Because the right option depends on your type of cancer and treatment, ask your care team what is appropriate for you. Your doctor, nurse, or a sexual health expert can help you find comfortable options and answer your questions.