Why do I need a bone marrow biopsy?

A bone marrow biopsy gives your care team a close look at the cells being made in your bone marrow, which other tests cannot provide. Bone marrow can be examined for cells, and this information is especially important for diagnosing blood cancers, such as leukemias and lymphomas, since these conditions affect the cells your bone marrow produces.

To get this sample, a needle is used to withdraw tissue or fluid, in a method called a bone marrow aspiration. The sample is then studied by a pathologist, and often further examined using tests called cytogenetic analysis and immunophenotyping. These additional tests look at the chromosomes in the cells and the markers on their surface, giving your doctor detailed information to reach an accurate diagnosis.

If your doctor has recommended this test, it is because bone marrow offers information that helps guide your diagnosis and treatment planning in a way that blood tests or imaging alone cannot. Ask your doctor what specifically they are looking for with your biopsy.