What is a biopsy?
A biopsy is a procedure in which a doctor removes a sample of abnormal tissue. According to the National Cancer Institute, a pathologist then looks at the tissue under a microscope. The pathologist also runs other tests on the cells. The findings go into a pathology report, which holds the details of the diagnosis.
In most cases, doctors need to do a biopsy to be certain that a person has cancer. The information in the report can also help show which treatment options might work.
A biopsy sample may be taken in several ways:
- With a needle. This is used for bone marrow aspirations, spinal taps, and some breast, prostate, and liver biopsies.
- With endoscopy. The doctor puts a thin, lighted tube called an endoscope into a natural body opening, such as the mouth or anus. Colonoscopy and bronchoscopy are examples.
- With surgery. A surgeon removes abnormal cells. An excisional biopsy takes out the whole abnormal area. An incisional biopsy takes out only part of it.
Some biopsies use a sedative to help you relax. Others use anesthesia to keep you from feeling pain. A healthcare team can explain which type of biopsy is planned and what to expect.
Want the full picture? Read our complete explanation: How Cancer Is Diagnosed: Tests and Biopsies
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