In Memory
Remembering public figures whose lives touched many — and using their stories, with respect and care, to learn about the cancers involved through NCI resources.
98 stories
Remembering Norm Macdonald: Understanding Leukemia
Comedian Norm Macdonald died in 2021 after a private battle with leukemia. In his memory, a plain-language look at what leukemia is, from NCI resources.
Leukemia · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Brandon Blackstock: Understanding Melanoma
Brandon Blackstock died in 2025 after a battle with melanoma. In his memory, a plain-language look at melanoma and skin cancer prevention from NCI.
Melanoma (skin cancer) · Read more →
In memoryYul Brynner's Lasting Anti-Smoking Message and What Lung Cancer Really Is
Actor Yul Brynner shared his lung cancer story so others might avoid it. Here's what lung cancer is — and why his message still matters.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryWarren Zevon, 'The Wind,' and Understanding Mesothelioma
Songwriter Warren Zevon died of mesothelioma in 2003 after making one last album. Here's what mesothelioma really is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Mesothelioma · Read more →
In memoryWhat Walter Payton's Story Can Help Us Understand About Bile Duct Cancer
The Hall of Fame running back died of bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) in 1999. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma) · Read more →
In memoryWhat Vinod Khanna's Story Can Help Us Understand About Bladder Cancer
The veteran actor and public figure died of bladder cancer in 2017. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Bladder cancer · Read more →
In memoryValerie Harper's Resilience and What Lung Cancer Really Is
The beloved 'Rhoda' star lived openly with lung cancer for years. Here's what lung cancer really is — and why every story is different.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Val Kilmer — and Understanding Throat Cancer
Actor Val Kilmer lived with throat cancer for years before his death in 2025. Here's what head and neck cancers are, from NCI.
Head and neck cancer · Read more →
In memoryUmberto Eco and Pancreatic Cancer: Remembering a Literary Giant
The Italian author Umberto Eco died of pancreatic cancer in 2016. Here's what that diagnosis really means, in calm and accurate terms.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryUlysses S. Grant and Throat Cancer: A Well-Documented Historical Story
President Ulysses S. Grant died of throat cancer in 1885, a well-documented case. Here is a calm look at head and neck cancer, from the National Cancer Institute.
Head and neck cancer (throat) · Read more →
In memoryWhat Tony Gwynn's Story Can Help Us Understand About Salivary Gland Cancer
The Hall of Fame baseball player died of salivary gland cancer in 2014. Here is what that kind of head and neck cancer means, explained calmly and simply.
Salivary gland cancer (head and neck cancer) · Read more →
In memoryToby Keith's Openness and What Stomach Cancer Really Is
Country star Toby Keith shared his stomach cancer diagnosis before his death in 2024. Here's what stomach cancer really is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Stomach cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Tina Turner and Intestinal Cancer
Music icon Tina Turner shared that she was treated for intestinal cancer among other health challenges. Here's what colorectal cancer really is, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryTed Kennedy and Glioblastoma: A Look at an Aggressive Brain Tumor
Senator Ted Kennedy was diagnosed with glioblastoma in 2008. Here's a calm, plain-language look at what this brain tumor is.
Brain tumors (glioblastoma) · Read more →
In memoryWhat Suzanne Somers's Story Can Help Us Understand About Breast Cancer
The actor lived with breast cancer for more than two decades and spoke about it publicly. Here is what breast cancer actually is, explained simply.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memorySusan Sontag, Leukemia, and MDS: Understanding Blood Cancers
Writer Susan Sontag died in 2004 of a blood cancer. Here is a calm, plain-language look at leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome · Read more →
In memoryWhat Stuart Scott's Story Can Teach Us About a Rare Cancer
The ESPN anchor faced a rare form of cancer and inspired many with his resilience. Here is what cancer is, explained calmly, and why rare cancers matter.
Appendiceal (appendix) cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Steve McQueen's Story Can Help Us Understand About Mesothelioma
The 'King of Cool' died of mesothelioma in 1980, a cancer linked to asbestos. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Mesothelioma · Read more →
In memorySteve Jobs and a Rare Kind of Pancreatic Cancer
Apple co-founder Steve Jobs had a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor — a less common form of pancreatic cancer. Here's what that means, from the National Cancer Institute.
Pancreatic cancer (neuroendocrine tumor) · Read more →
In memorySigmund Freud and Oral Cancer: A Well-Documented Historical Case
Sigmund Freud lived with oral cancer for sixteen years, a well-documented case. Here is a calm look at head and neck cancer, from the National Cancer Institute.
Head and neck cancer (oral) · Read more →
In memoryWhat Shannen Doherty's Story Can Help Us Understand About Breast Cancer
The actor shared her breast cancer journey openly and raised awareness before her death in 2024. Here is what breast cancer means, explained calmly and simply.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Sarah Harding and Advanced Breast Cancer
Girls Aloud singer Sarah Harding shared her advanced breast cancer diagnosis before her death in 2021. Here's what breast cancer really is, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Sammy Davis Jr.'s Story Can Help Us Understand About Throat Cancer
The legendary entertainer died of throat cancer in 1990. Here is what that kind of head and neck cancer means, explained calmly and simply.
Throat cancer (head and neck cancer) · Read more →
In memorySally Ride and Pancreatic Cancer: A Pioneer's Private Battle
Sally Ride, the first American woman in space, died of pancreatic cancer in 2012. Here's what pancreatic cancer is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryRuth Bader Ginsburg's Long Experience With Cancer
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg lived with cancer for many years, including colon and pancreatic cancer. Here's what those diagnoses mean.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryRush Limbaugh and Lung Cancer: Understanding the Diagnosis
Radio host Rush Limbaugh shared that he had advanced lung cancer. Here's a calm, plain-language look at what lung cancer is.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Ronnie James Dio's Story Can Help Us Understand About Stomach Cancer
The heavy metal singer shared his stomach cancer diagnosis and died in 2010. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Stomach cancer · Read more →
In memoryRonald Reagan and Colon Cancer: What Screening and Polyps Can Teach Us
In 1985, President Ronald Reagan had surgery for colon cancer found during a medical exam. Here is a calm look at colorectal cancer, from the National Cancer Institute.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Roger Ebert — and Understanding Salivary Gland and Thyroid Cancer
Film critic Roger Ebert lived openly with cancer for years before his death in 2013. Here's what these cancers are, from NCI.
Salivary gland and thyroid cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Robbie Robertson — and Understanding Prostate Cancer
Musician Robbie Robertson of The Band died in 2023 after living with prostate cancer. Here's what prostate cancer is, from NCI.
Prostate cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Rishi Kapoor's Story Can Help Us Understand About Leukemia
The veteran Bollywood actor shared that he was living with leukemia and died in 2020. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Leukemia · Read more →
In memoryRichard Roundtree's Story: Yes, Men Can Get Breast Cancer
The 'Shaft' star survived male breast cancer and became an advocate. Here's the awareness point that surprises many: breast cancer can affect men.
Male breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryRachel Carson and Breast Cancer: Writing 'Silent Spring' While Fighting Illness
Rachel Carson, author of 'Silent Spring,' quietly battled breast cancer while shaping the environmental movement. Here's what breast cancer is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryPope John Paul II's 1992 Colon Surgery: Understanding Colorectal Health
In 1992, doctors removed a tumor from Pope John Paul II's colon — publicly reported as benign. Here's what colorectal health means, in calm, accurate terms.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryPeter Jennings' Public Lung Cancer Diagnosis and What Lung Cancer Really Is
ABC anchor Peter Jennings told viewers about his lung cancer on the air. Here's what lung cancer is — and why his openness mattered.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryPelé and Colon Cancer: Understanding a Diagnosis the World Followed
Football legend Pelé shared his colon cancer diagnosis in 2021. Here is a calm, plain-language look at colorectal cancer, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Paul Newman's Story Can Help Us Understand About Lung Cancer
The legendary actor died of lung cancer in 2008. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryPaul Allen and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Cancer of the Immune System
Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen died in 2018 of complications from non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Here's what lymphoma is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma · Read more →
In memoryWhat Patrick Swayze's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The 'Dirty Dancing' star shared a pancreatic cancer diagnosis in 2008 and spoke openly about it. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryOlivia Newton-John's Long, Open Journey with Breast Cancer
Olivia Newton-John lived with breast cancer for three decades and became a beloved advocate. Here's what breast cancer really is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Nora Ephron — and Understanding Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Filmmaker Nora Ephron died in 2012 from acute myeloid leukemia. Here's what leukemia is, in plain, NCI-sourced language.
Acute myeloid leukemia · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Neil Peart and Understanding Glioblastoma
Rush drummer Neil Peart died of glioblastoma in 2020. Here's what brain tumors really are, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Brain tumors · Read more →
In memoryWhat Nargis Dutt's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The pioneering Indian actress died of pancreatic cancer in 1981. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryNapoleon Bonaparte and Stomach Cancer: A Diagnosis From History
Historical and pathological evidence points to stomach cancer as the cause of Napoleon Bonaparte's death in 1821. Here's what stomach cancer is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Stomach cancer · Read more →
In memoryNancy Reagan and Breast Cancer: A Public Diagnosis That Raised Awareness
Former First Lady Nancy Reagan shared her 1987 breast cancer diagnosis publicly. Here is a calm, plain-language look at what breast cancer is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Michael Landon's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The 'Little House on the Prairie' star shared his pancreatic cancer diagnosis publicly in 1991. Here is what that means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryMichael Crichton and Lymphoma: A Storyteller's Quiet Diagnosis
Author Michael Crichton died in 2008 after being diagnosed with lymphoma. Here's what lymphoma is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Lymphoma · Read more →
In memoryMaggie Smith, Breast Cancer, and Working Through Treatment
Dame Maggie Smith was treated for breast cancer in the late 2000s and continued working. Here's what breast cancer really is, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryLuciano Pavarotti and Pancreatic Cancer: Remembering the Tenor's Voice
The beloved Italian tenor Luciano Pavarotti died of pancreatic cancer in 2007. Here's what that diagnosis really means — in calm, accurate terms.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Lou Reed's Story Can Help Us Understand About Liver Cancer
The rock pioneer developed liver cancer and died in 2013. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Liver cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Little Richard and Understanding Bone Cancer
Rock and roll pioneer Little Richard died of bone cancer in 2020. Here's what bone cancer really is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Bone cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Linda McCartney and Breast Cancer
Photographer and musician Linda McCartney died of breast cancer in 1998. Here's what breast cancer really is, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Kirstie Alley's Story Can Help Us Understand About Colon Cancer
The actor died in 2022 after a cancer her family said was only recently discovered. Here is what colorectal cancer is, explained calmly and simply.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryKing Hussein of Jordan and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Understanding the Diagnosis
King Hussein of Jordan was treated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and died in 1999. Here's what that diagnosis really means, in calm, accurate terms.
Lymphoma · Read more →
In memoryKing George VI and Lung Cancer: A Diagnosis Kept Quiet in a Different Era
King George VI died in 1952 after surgery for lung cancer — a diagnosis kept from the public and even from him. Here's what lung cancer is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Kelly Preston and Breast Cancer
Actress Kelly Preston died of breast cancer in 2020 after keeping her illness private. Here's what breast cancer really is, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat John Wayne's Story Can Help Us Understand About Lung and Stomach Cancer
The iconic actor faced lung cancer in the 1960s and later stomach cancer. Here is what those diagnoses mean, explained calmly and simply.
Lung and stomach cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering John Prine, a Two-Time Cancer Survivor
Folk legend John Prine survived squamous cell cancer in his neck and, later, lung cancer. Here's what head and neck cancers really are, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Head and neck cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering John McCain and Understanding Glioblastoma
Senator John McCain lived openly with glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor. Here's what this diagnosis means, explained in plain language.
Brain tumors (glioblastoma) · Read more →
In memoryJohan Cruyff and Lung Cancer: Remembering a Football Legend
The Dutch football icon Johan Cruyff died of lung cancer in 2016. Here's what that diagnosis really means, in calm and accurate terms.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Jack Lemmon's Story Can Help Us Understand About Bladder Cancer
The Oscar-winning actor died of bladder cancer in 2001. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Bladder cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Irrfan Khan's Story Can Help Us Understand About Neuroendocrine Tumors
The beloved actor shared his neuroendocrine tumor diagnosis in 2018 and died in 2020. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Neuroendocrine tumor · Read more →
In memoryHubert Humphrey and Bladder Cancer: A Plain-Language Look
Senator and former Vice President Hubert Humphrey spoke openly about his bladder cancer. Here's what this cancer is, explained simply.
Bladder cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Gord Downie's Story Can Help Us Understand About Glioblastoma
The Tragically Hip frontman shared his glioblastoma diagnosis and died in 2017. Here is what that kind of brain tumor means, explained calmly and simply.
Brain tumors (glioblastoma) · Read more →
In memoryRemembering George Harrison: Understanding Lung Cancer
Beatle George Harrison died of lung cancer in 2001. Here's what lung cancer really is, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Gene Wilder's Story Can Help Us Understand About Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
The beloved comic actor was treated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the 1990s. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma · Read more →
In memoryGabriel García Márquez and Lymphoma: What the Diagnosis Means
The Nobel laureate Gabriel García Márquez was treated for lymphoma in 1999. Here's what lymphoma really is, in calm, accurate terms.
Lymphoma · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Frank Zappa and Understanding Prostate Cancer
Composer and rock iconoclast Frank Zappa died of prostate cancer in 1993. Here's what prostate cancer really is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Prostate cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Farrah Fawcett's Story Can Help Us Understand About Anal Cancer
The actress publicly shared her anal cancer journey and helped reduce its stigma. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Anal cancer · Read more →
In memoryEva Perón and Cervical Cancer: A Life Cut Short, and What We Know Now
Eva Perón, Argentina's beloved 'Evita,' died of cervical cancer in 1952 at just 33. Here's what cervical cancer is — and how prevention has changed since — from the National Cancer Institute.
Cervical cancer · Read more →
In memoryEmperor Hirohito and Duodenal Cancer: Understanding a Rare Diagnosis
Japan's Emperor Hirohito died in 1989 of duodenal cancer, a cancer of the small intestine. Here's what that diagnosis means, in calm, accurate terms.
Cancer (general) · Read more →
In memoryElizabeth Edwards and Breast Cancer: A Calm Look at What This Diagnosis Means
Elizabeth Edwards spoke publicly about her breast cancer for years. Here is a plain-language look at what breast cancer is, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Eddie Van Halen and Head & Neck Cancer
Guitar legend Eddie Van Halen died of throat cancer in 2020. Here's what head and neck cancers really are, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Head and neck cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Eddie Money's Story Can Help Us Understand About Esophageal Cancer
The rock singer shared his esophageal cancer diagnosis and died in 2019. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Esophageal cancer · Read more →
In memoryDonna Summer, Lung Cancer, and the Fact That Nonsmokers Can Get It Too
The 'Queen of Disco' died of lung cancer as a nonsmoker. Here's what lung cancer really is — and why it can affect people who never smoked.
Lung cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Donna Reed's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The Oscar-winning actress died of pancreatic cancer in 1986. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryDesmond Tutu and Prostate Cancer: A Voice for Awareness
Archbishop Desmond Tutu lived with prostate cancer and spoke openly to encourage men to get checked. Here's what the diagnosis really means.
Prostate cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Dennis Hopper's Story Can Help Us Understand About Prostate Cancer
The 'Easy Rider' star's prostate cancer diagnosis became public in 2009. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Prostate cancer · Read more →
In memoryRemembering David Bowie: What Liver Cancer Really Is
David Bowie died of liver cancer in 2016, having kept his illness private. Here's what liver cancer actually is, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Liver cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Craig Sager's Story Can Teach Us About Acute Myeloid Leukemia
The beloved sportscaster shared his diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia and kept working during treatment. Here is what that diagnosis really means, explained calmly.
Acute myeloid leukemia · Read more →
In memoryWhat Coretta Scott King's Story Can Help Us Understand About Ovarian Cancer
The civil rights leader lived with ovarian cancer and died in 2006. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Ovarian cancer · Read more →
In memoryColin Powell and Multiple Myeloma: Understanding a Blood Cancer
General Colin Powell lived with multiple myeloma, a cancer of certain blood cells. Here's a plain-language look at what that means.
Multiple myeloma · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Christopher Hitchens — and Understanding Esophageal Cancer
Writer Christopher Hitchens wrote openly about his esophageal cancer before his death in 2011. Here's what the disease is, from NCI.
Esophageal cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Chadwick Boseman's Story Can Help Us Understand About Colorectal Cancer in Younger Adults
The actor's death at 43 brought new attention to colorectal cancer in adults under 50. Here is what that means, explained calmly and simply.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryCelia Cruz and a Brain Tumor: Remembering the Queen of Salsa
The legendary singer Celia Cruz died in 2003 after being treated for a brain tumor. Here's what brain tumors really are, in calm, accurate terms.
Brain tumors · Read more →
In memoryCarl Sagan and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Understanding a Bone Marrow Cancer
Astronomer Carl Sagan lived with myelodysplastic syndrome, a bone marrow cancer. Here is a calm, plain-language look at MDS, drawn from the National Cancer Institute.
Myelodysplastic syndromes · Read more →
In memorySir Bobby Robson's Legacy: Turning Cancer Into a Cause
Football manager Sir Bobby Robson faced cancer several times and founded a cancer foundation. Here's what cancer really is, in calm, accurate terms.
Cancer (general) · Read more →
In memoryBob Marley and Melanoma: A Rare Skin Cancer That Isn't About the Sun
Reggae legend Bob Marley died in 1981 of acral lentiginous melanoma, a rare skin cancer that can appear on places like under a nail. Here's what melanoma is, from the National Cancer Institute.
Melanoma / skin cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Bill Walton's Story Can Teach Us About Colon Cancer
The Hall of Fame player and broadcaster died of colon cancer in 2024. Here is what that diagnosis really means, explained calmly, and why screening matters.
Colorectal cancer · Read more →
In memoryBetty Ford's Breast Cancer and the Conversation She Started
First Lady Betty Ford spoke openly about her 1974 breast cancer, helping millions of women feel able to talk about it. Here's what breast cancer is.
Breast cancer · Read more →
In memoryBeau Biden's Story and What Glioblastoma Means
Beau Biden lived with glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor. Here's a respectful, plain-language explanation of this diagnosis.
Brain tumors (glioblastoma) · Read more →
In memoryBabe Ruth and Nasopharyngeal Cancer: A Story That Touched Cancer Research
Baseball legend Babe Ruth died of nasopharyngeal cancer in 1948. Here is a calm, plain-language look at head and neck cancer, from the National Cancer Institute.
Head and neck cancer (nasopharyngeal) · Read more →
In memoryWhat Audrey Hepburn's Story Can Help Us Understand About a Rare Appendiceal Cancer
The beloved actress and humanitarian died of a rare abdominal cancer in 1993. Here is what a rare cancer means, explained calmly and simply.
Rare cancer (appendiceal) · Read more →
In memoryRemembering Aretha Franklin and a Rare Pancreatic Cancer
The Queen of Soul died in 2018 of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Here's what that diagnosis means, according to the National Cancer Institute.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryAnne Bancroft, Uterine Cancer, and What This Cancer Really Is
The Oscar-winning actress died of uterine cancer. Here's what uterine cancer is — explained calmly and clearly.
Uterine cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Anita Mui's Story Can Help Us Understand About Cervical Cancer
The Cantopop icon shared her cervical cancer diagnosis in 2003 and died later that year. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Cervical cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Alex Trebek's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The beloved 'Jeopardy!' host publicly shared a stage IV pancreatic cancer diagnosis in 2019. Here is what that means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
In memoryWhat Alan Rickman's Story Can Help Us Understand About Pancreatic Cancer
The acclaimed actor died of pancreatic cancer in 2016. Here is what that diagnosis means, explained calmly and simply.
Pancreatic cancer · Read more →
Our approach: no sensationalism, no speculation about anyone’s health beyond reliable public reporting, and always a bridge to trusted educational information. Educational only — not medical advice.
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